What does "fundamental risk" typically refer to?

Fundamental risk generally refers to risks that affect a large number of individuals or businesses simultaneously rather than just a single person or entity. These types of risks often stem from widespread economic or social phenomena, such as natural disasters, economic downturns, or changes in government policy, which can impact entire sectors or communities. Unlike specific or personal risks, which are unique to individuals or individual businesses, fundamental risks are systemic and commonly arise from external factors that are beyond the control of the affected parties. This systemic impact is precisely why they are grouped under the term "fundamental risk." Recognizing and managing these risks is crucial for both organizations and governments as they can lead to significant losses on a broader scale.